Introduction

 Domestic violence encompasses a wide array of abusive behaviors that transcend physical assault. Often beginning subtly and insidiously, these behaviors can go unnoticed until significant harm has occurred. For women, particularly those entering new relationships or navigating early marriage, awareness of the multifaceted aspects of domestic violence is critical for prevention.

Understanding the key areas of domestic violence includes.

• Emotional and Psychological Abuse

This can be just as damaging as physical violence. It includes persistent criticism, manipulation, threats, insults, gaslighting, and efforts to isolate individuals from friends or family. Over time, such abuse erodes self-esteem and fosters an unhealthy dependency on the abuser. Victims may find themselves questioning their memory, self-worth, or sanity. In Nigeria, as articulated in Section 2 of the Violence Against Persons (Prohibition) Act, 2015 (VAPP Act), psychological violence is clearly defined and penalized. Moreover, Section 17(3)(h) of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria emphasizes the state’s obligation to protect the health and welfare of individuals, which fundamentally includes mental health.

• Economic Abuse

This occurs when an abuser restricts a partner’s access to financial resources, prevents them from working, or exerts control over spending. This approach is a strategic method to enforce dependency, making it harder for individuals to escape abusive situations. The VAPP Act underscores this issue; Section 12 criminalizes actions that deprive individuals of their personal liberty, which encompasses financial autonomy. Comparatively, many countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have also recognized economic abuse as a significant factor in domestic violence cases, and they are working toward implementing comprehensive legislation to address this form of control.

• Sexual Violence and Coercion

Consent is paramount in all sexual encounters, including within marriage. Sexual activities conducted without enthusiastic consent are deemed abusive. The VAPP Act (Section 1) explicitly criminalizes rape, expanding its definition to encompass all forms of sexual violation beyond physical penetration. Globally, the acknowledgement of sexual violence, especially within marital contexts, is gaining traction, as seen in countries like Sweden, were consent laws stress affirmative agreement.

• Verbal Abuse and Threats

Verbal abuse, characterized by persistent yelling, insults, and intimidation, fosters a toxic environment that can significantly affect mental well-being. Although it is often normalized, verbal abuse is a recognized form of violence that can escalate into more severe forms of abuse. Threats of harm are criminalized under both the Criminal Code Act and the VAPP Act, signifying their serious nature.

• Impact on Children

Children exposed to domestic violence either as witnesses or victims often suffer long-term emotional and psychological consequences, such as anxiety and aggression, perpetuating the cycle of abuse. The Child’s Rights Act, alongside Section 34(1)(a) of the 1999 Constitution, safeguards every child’s right to dignity and protection from inhumane treatment. A violent home environment effectively deprives children of these fundamental rights. Research indicates that societies with higher levels of domestic violence witness increased rates of behavioral issues among children.

• Digital and Technological Abuse

In today’s digital age, abuse has expanded to include technological forms of control. Continuous monitoring of a partner’s phone, hacking email accounts, or coercively demanding passwords are increasingly recognized as violative of privacy and autonomy. This abuse forms part of broader discussions on cybercrime and domestic violence. Understanding the evolving landscape of domestic violence is essential in combatting it effectively.

 Conclusion

Women must learn to identify early warning signs of domestic violence. While legal protections exist, such as those provided by the VAPP Act, awareness remains the first line of defense. If you or someone you know is experiencing any form of abuse, it is imperative to reach out to us. By fostering awareness and understanding of these hidden dimensions, we can collectively work toward eradicating domestic violence and creating a safer society for everyone.